![]() 1983 – David Merrill developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which concentrates on the methods of presenting instructional materials. ![]() These organizations also started to use media such as filmstrips during this time to improve the effectiveness of instruction. This approach was developed across military, academia and organizations. Several models surfaced that are based on systems information processing. This work sits at the very core of instructional design practices today. In 1965, Robert Gagne described three domains of learning outcomes (cognitive, affective, psychomotor), five learning outcomes (Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Cognitive Strategy, Attitude, Motor Skills), and nine events of instruction in research called “The Conditions of Learning”. Today, the output of this work is referred to as "Bloom's Taxonomy". This type of instruction is based on theories of "operant conditioning".ġ956 – Benjamin Bloom develops the “ Taxonomy of Educational Objectives” identifying principal domains of learning. Skinner's published an article titled “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching” suggested that programmed instructional materials, should include small steps, frequent questions, and immediate feedback and should allow self-pacing. Tests were also administered during this time to assess learner's abilities.ġ954 – B. Instructional design commenced during the World War II when several psychologists and education specialists were asked to create training materials in mass for several thousand soldiers. Below is a brief summary of key events that influenced the field of instructional design and instructional technology.
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